By TinkerTom
The Beginning
Before there were iPods, Game
Boys, or even transistor radios the dream of personal portable entertainment
was just that, a dream, until 1940. That
was the year the Radio Corporation of America, better known as RCA,
introduced the first mass produced personal portable radio. Yes, there were “portable
radios” as far back as the early 1920s.
But, most were as large as a suitcase, heavy, and only nominally
portable. There were portable phonographs
too. But, they were only designed to be
carried from place to place. No one had
figured out how to reliably spin a record while walking along.1
Since the 1920s many attempts
had been made to produce and sell a truly portable radio. Although there was obviously a demand for
portable entertainment, the early “portable radios” didn’t satisfy it. Most attempts failed in the market place because
the necessary technology simply didn’t exist.
Consequently, by 1937 not a single major radio manufacturer offered a
battery powered portable radio. 2
One missing technological item
to make a hand held portable radio practical was a set of compact low power vacuum
tubes. In 1938 the RCA began the
development of low power miniature tubes with the specific intention of
producing a truly personal portable radio.3 The result was the RCA BP-10. The BP-10 radio was introduced nationally in
the summer of 1940 and was produced continuously until civilian radio
production ceased for the duration of WWII (April 1942).4 The radio was a runaway sensation with over
200,000 sold.5 Few radio models were as well received by the
public and as well documented by the manufacturer.
Figure 1. The 1940 RCA BP-10 Personal Radio
In 1940 and 1941 other radio manufacturers produced
portable radios using RCA’s new miniature tubes. Sonora Inc., a small radio manufacturer, introduced
their “Candid” miniature tube radio in April 1940.6 Sonora also supplied an
identical radio to Allied Radio, which sold it under their Knight brand as the B10506. Sonora’s Candid is often credited with beating
RCA’s introduction of the RCA BP-10 radio by a few months even though Sonora’s miniature
tubes came from RCA.7 But
RCA had years to work with their new tubes on the BP-10 design prior to the
Sonora introduction. It’s apparent from a
Lord & Thomas merchandising plan that the BP-10 was in existence by at
least March 14, 1940.8 RCA
was simply taking some time to develop a block buster merchandising campaign that
Sonora
couldn’t hope to match.
Figure 2. The Knight Model B10506 Essentially Identical
to the Sonora
Candid Radio
Actually, the BP-10 radio was
ready for test marketing very early in 1940.
Many months prior to the Sonora radio introduction a prototype BP-10 was publicly demonstrated at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair.9 Fair goers were enthusiastic about the radio,
but formal introduction was delayed until June 1940.10 It’s possible, that because of Fair goer
enthusiasm, RCA delayed introduction to allow increased production in
anticipation of higher demand.
Even if Sonora
can be credited with beating RCA to the market with their miniature tube radio,
Sonora cannot
be credited with producing a truly personal radio. Although the Sonora Candid radio used the RCA
miniature tubes, Sonora made little effort to reduce the size to much less than
radios using full size tubes.11 The BP-10 was the first truly
personal portable radio designed to be carried by one person in a coat pocket
or purse, but definitely a large pocket or purse.12 It was only a
quarter pound lighter than the Sonora Candid, but much smaller overall. The BP-10 was also much more compact than the
bulky suit case size portable radio RCA sold in 1939 (see Figure 3.) In addition to its small size it had a novel
feature that enhanced its ability to be carried in a pocket or purse. When
not in use, the combination antenna/cover closed to protect the speaker,
controls and front panel.
Figure 3. RCA 1939
“Pick me Up” Portable on the left and the 1940 RCA “Personal Portable” on the
right
Table 1. Some
Pre-war Personal Size Portable Radios using Miniature Tubes
Manufacturer
|
Model
|
Weight (pounds)
|
volume (in3 )
|
Introduced
|
RCA
|
BP-10 “Personal”
|
4.25
|
101
|
June 1940
|
Sonora
|
KG-80 “Candid”
|
4.5
|
187
|
April 1940
|
Crosley
|
45 “Commuter”
|
3.3
|
98
|
Late 1940
|
Fada
|
Series 33
|
-
|
-
|
1941
|
G. M.
|
985775
|
-
|
87
|
1941
|
Motorola
|
A1 “Playboy”
|
~ 4.0
|
156
|
1941
|
Zenith
|
4K600 “Poketradio”
|
~ 4.0
|
114
|
1941
|
Emerson
|
432 “Power Mite”
|
3.3
|
81
|
1941
|
Knight
|
B10506
|
4.5
|
187
|
1940
|
General Electric
|
JB-410 “Carryabout”
|
4.5
|
~150
|
October 1940
|
Although RCA produced the
first personal portable radio in 1940, this idea was fairly common many years
before. Even as early as 1904 the
eccentric inventor, Nikola Tesla flirted with the idea of a pocket carried
radio receiver.13 But it was
really, David Sarnoff, chief executive and for many years the driving force behind
RCA, who believed that there was a strong market for a small portable radio. He wanted a radio that could be carried and
enjoyed by one person, i.e., a personal portable radio or a “radio music box”
as he called it in a 1922 letter.14
And, as chief executive of RCA he was in a position to make his “radio
music box” happen.
As mentioned, RCA engineers
designed the BP-10 and introduced it to the public at the 1939 World’s
Fair. According to an RCA radio
demonstrator at the fair, the BP-10 prototype “enthralled the public”.15
Unfortunately, its introduction was
overshadowed by the premier of RCA’s all electronic television at the Fair. RCA’s David Sarnoff opened the RCA pavilion
on April 20, 1939 with an address specifically touting television as adding
sight to sound. Fair goers flocked to
the RCA pavilion to see and be seen on television. With
all the television excitement, the BP-10 radio introduction was largely forgotten.
The huge research effort to
develop electronic television encouraged RCA to create a permanent research
facility, and when World War II threatened, RCA had an extra incentive to do
so. On November 15, 1941, a dedication
ceremony was held for RCA’s new Research Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. This time the BP-10 radio was not
forgotten. Photos at the time showed the
RCA Victor Model BP-10 as one of the items and the only radio
encapsulated in the RCA
Research Center
cornerstone16.
The Marketing
Because of RCA’s extensive
marketing the history of the BP-10 radio is probably one of the best documented
of all radios ever produced. In early 1940, RCA asked the prestigious advertising
firm of Lord & Thomas to prepare a preliminary merchandising and
advertising plan for the BP-10. As part
of the plan Lord & Thomas asked a number of people to select a name for the
BP-10 radio from a list of 115 possible names suggested by the firm. Although Lord & Thomas referred to the
BP-10 in their plan as the “Pockette Radio”, no consensus was reached on a
name. Consequently, RCA did not assign a
name to the radio in their advertisements other than “Personal Radio”.17
Although other radio
manufacturers used the phrase “personal radio” in their 1930s advertisements, it
was RCA who popularized the phrase.
Several small AC radios made by RCA were advertised as “personal radios”
as early as 1933, but the BP-10 advertising of 1940 used the phrase extensively.
RCA
even offered placement of the owner’s initials on the front of the BP-10 to
really “personalize” the radio. The
BP-10 was the height of portable personal entertainment, as David Sarnoff had intended.
In 1940 the usual procedure
for a new product prior to national advertising was to perform test acceptance
in a trial marketing area. New products
were typically introduced into key market areas, then the markets expanded as
the product met public acceptance. The
BP-10 was first advertised in the New
York market during June 1940. Its introductory advertising was through
newspapers ads and tie-ins to the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. It was quite a hit. The initial acceptance
was described in an internal RCA memo as being “….the most enthusiastic buyer’s
rush in radio history”. An initial
25,000 BP-10s were sold in the first thirty days of sale.18
Movie stars, such as Pat
O’Brien, Jane Wyman, Andy Devine, and Fred McMurray were photographed together
with a BP-10 radio. Walter Winchell
mentioned it in his newspaper column. Advertisements for the BP-10 appeared in
Life, Collier’s, the Saturday Evening Post, Time, New Yorker, Red Book,
Esquire, Cosmopolitan, and many other magazines. Advertisements also appeared
in all the major national newspapers.
Major outlets other than radio shops featured the radio including Bloomingdales,
Abercrombie & Fitch, and lots more.20
The intense public interest
in portable radios during 1939 and 1940 was motivated somewhat by the outbreak
of war in Europe. The portable radio allowed a radio listener
to monitor the war news no matter where he or she was. For example, a BP-10 radio was even
photographed on President Franklin Roosevelt’s desk. FDR undoubtedly was one of those very interested
in monitoring the war news.21
Due to the threat of war, the
military draft began in October 1940. By
the early summer of 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress
to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months. As one of the most easily carried pre-war
radios, many BP-10s were given as gifts to newly inducted servicemen. And, RCA made a concerted effort to interest
the servicemen in the BP-10. In January
1941, BP-10 radios were offered in special silver boxes with an eagle on the face
of the box and a set of decals, one for each branch of the service.22
The BP-10 radio was powered only
by batteries. This might have been a
reason not to take the radio to their military posts due to the war time battery
shortage. Consequently, many left
behind BP-10s survived in dresser draws and closets. On the other hand, those servicemen who took
their personal radio with them were inclined to save them as mementos of their
war service. So, some of those radios
survived as well. But, time has taken its toll. Many of the BP-10s were stored with the
batteries still in place. Prewar carbon
zinc batteries eventually split and oozed acid into the radio. The acid often destroyed the thin steel
chassis as well as wiring and other components.
Most BP-10s turn up with some sort of battery damage.
The Radio
Stylistically the BP-10 is a
true example of art deco design. The
chrome face horizontal lines, black plastic cover, and leather like veneer gave
it the appearance of a camera of that era.
In fact it was sometimes referred to as a “camera construction” portable
radio23.
Figure 4. Early
Version BP-10 with the cover closed shown with a D cell for scale
Electrically the BP-10 is rather conventional. The only
significant innovations of note are the use of small ferrite loaded IF transformers and
a 67.5 Volt battery developed specifically for the BP-10 radio. The BP-10 has four miniature tubes in a
superheterodyne circuit driving a small (three inch) speaker. The speaker was initially a conventional
round speaker, but later versions utilized a novel oval speaker. The oval speaker seems to have better tonal
qualities. The BP-10’s performance is good for a radio of
this vintage, but not spectacular.
The true innovations were primarily
mechanical. The use of miniature tubes
allowed the RCA designers the ability to reduce the size of the radio so that
it could be easily held in one hand.
Because 1940 plastic was not
up to much physical abuse the radio body was steel. The antenna could not be placed inside the
steel body, so styrene plastic was used as a cover for the speaker and front
panel. This allowed a loop antenna to be
sandwiched within the plastic cover. To
ensure that the lid was moved away from the metal body when playing, the cover
was hinged. When the hinged plastic
cover was opened the radio was activated similar to a music box. This music box configuration didn’t allow
operation of the radio with the cover closed.
But, it did insure that the plastic cover was flush with the body, thus
minimizing the chance of damage to the speaker or controls. When the cover was closed, it guaranteed that
the radio was truly turned off which also helped conserve battery life. The
music box design became so popular that many other radio manufacturers adopted
it and sold portable radios of this type up through the early 1950s.
The plastic of the early
1940’s was not the wonderful stuff we have today. It was easily damaged. As a result, BP-10s are often found with some
damage to the plastic cover. The most
prevalent damage is at the cover hinges.
RCA initially introduced the initial BP-10s without a hinge stop. The result was cracked covers near the
hinges. By February 1941 the BP-10 was
shown in advertisements with a hinge stop on the left hand side of the
cover. These models seem to have BA or BD
as a prefix to the serial number.
Figure 5. The Hinge
Stop added some time in late 1940
There appears to be several
versions of the BP-10 radio. The
earliest version had no hinge stop to hold the cover open and used a standard 3
inch round speaker. Their serial numbers
had no alphabetic prefix. The second
version, beginning around January 1941, had a hinge stop. Their serial numbers began with BA- followed
by a sequential serial number. The
third version had both a hinge stop and an oval three inch speaker in place of
the original round speaker. Their serial
numbers began with BD- followed by a sequential serial number.
Figure 6. Two BP-10
Chassis showing early round (bottom) and late oval (top) speaker openings
The BP-10 was assembled at
RCA’s Camden plant and their Bloomington,
Indiana plant.24 Although not
confirmed, those assembled at the Bloomington
had the letter “B” stamped or written near the serial number. During 1940 and 1941 exactly 200,042 BP-10s
were produced, with 9,842 following in 1942.25 How many were produced at each plant is unknown.
Figure 7. A
Bottom BP-10 cover showing early Camden,
NJ labels
The Significance
The functions of today’s portable
personal electronic devices can basically be placed in three categories:
communicating, entertaining, and data processing. An argument for a fourth category can be made
for medicating, which might include hearing aids, pacemakers, etc. Of course, the BP-10 can be considered the
starting point for just about every personal portable entertainment device. Even CD players, hand-held games, and IPods
owe their lineage to the BP-10.
Other portable personal electronic devices quickly followed the
introduction of the BP-10. The famous WWII
handie-talkie was arguably the first personal portable communications device. It was developed by the company that became
Motorola and was designed around essentially the same RCA tubes as in the
BP-10. In their 1995 cellular telephone
advertisement Motorola recognized the handie-talkie (BC-611) as the
“grandfather” of the personal cellular telephone.
Personal portable data processing
devices took a bit longer to reach the market.
It wasn’t until the invention of integrated circuits that a portable
four function calculator could be offered to the public. That didn’t occur until 1965. By the late 1970’s many personal portable entertainment,
communication, and data processing devices were readily available. Over time the devices have become smaller,
less expensive, and multifunctional.
Today, it’s possible to buy a personal portable device like the Apple iPhone
that combines entertainment, communication, data processing in a single
package. The iPhone package is so small
that it readily fits in a shirt pocket or tiny purse. And all this started with Mr. Sarnoff’s BP-10
radio.
Figure 8. A
WWII Handie-Talkie in use26
Unlike thousands of radios
offered in the 1930s and 40s, the history of the RCA BP-10 is well
documented. The BP-10 is a historically
significant radio and can be considered one of the most technically influential
electronic products of the 20th century. It exemplified the concept of a portable
entertainment device optimized for use by a single person. As mentioned, it was even designed so that
the owner’s initial could be added to the front panel. Many surviving examples are so
initialed.
Transistor radio collectors
are very familiar with the Regency TR-1, the first commercial transistor
radio. But, few collectors remember that
personal portable electronics really started with the BP-10 radio. Although the Regency TR-1 transistor radio
was a personal sized radio, it was not the first mass produced personal
radio. RCA’s BP-10 holds that
distinction outselling the TR-1 two to one.
The following points recap some
of the reasons why the RCA BP-10 Personal Radio can be considered a
historically significant product:
·
It was the first hand
held portable radio capable of performance comparable to a table model radio.
·
It was the first
radio designed specifically to be personalized and carried in a coat
pocket.
·
It was a radio initially
envisioned and commissioned by David Sarnoff as head of RCA.
·
It was introduced to the public at the legendary
1939 New York
World’s Fair (Theme: "Building the World of Tomorrow").
·
It was an
excellent example of art deco styling.
·
In 1942 it was
the only radio RCA placed in the cornerstone of the new RCA Research and Development Center.
·
It was a very popular
radio in general use prior to WWII and was carried to war postings by many
newly minted servicemen.
·
It appeared in several
plays and films such as the 1940 Broadway play as “I walk with Music” and Ken
Burn’s 2007 film WWII documentary “The War.”27
1 Warnagiris,
T., “Radio Wherever I go”, Antique Radio
Classified, February 2011, Vol. 28, No. 2,
p11
2
Schiffer, Michael
Brian, The Portable Radio in America, 1991, The University
of Arizona Press, Tucson
& London, 83
& 111
3
“Miniature Radio
Tubes”, Radio Age, Radio Corporation
of America, New York, NY,
April 1945, 19
4
“BP-10”, Hagley Museum,
folder in box 7/5
of the RCA collection, received Oct. 2010
5
“BP-10”, Hagley Museum,
RCA collection box 7/5
7
Arnold, Richard,
“Sonora's
First Plastic Portable Radios The Sensational Candid”
8
Merchandising and
Advertising Plans for RCA Victor “Pockette” Radio, Lord & Thomas Inc, March
14, 1940, Chicago, IL, 2
9
Nauck, Kurt, “The
RCA 1939 Portable Prototype”, Antique
Radio Classified, December 1990, 12
10
“New RCA Personal
Radio Achieves National Sales” RCA New Release, Nov. 1940, Hagley Museum, folder in box
10/22 of the RCA collection, received Oct. 2010
11
Arnold, Richard,
“Sonora's
First Plastic Portable Radios The Sensational Candid”
12
RCA Victor
Personal Radio Model PB-10 advertisement, 1940, Hagley Museum, folder in box 10/22 of the RCA collection, received
Oct. 2010
13
Lyons, Eugene, David Sarnoff a Biography, 1966, Harper
and Row, New York, NY. 71
14
Lyons, Eugene, 123
15 Nauck, Kurt, 12
16
Magoun, Alexander B., David Sarnoff Research
Center: RCA Labs to
Sarnoff Corporation, 1981. Arcadia
Publishing, 14
17
Merchandising and
Advertising Plans for RCA Victor “Pockette” Radio, Lord & Thomas Inc, March
14, 1940, Chicago, IL, 3
18
Schiffer, Michael
Brian, 103
19
RCA Victor
Personal Radio Model PB-10 advertisement, Life
magazine, May 12, 1941, 81 and Hagley
Museum, folder in box 10/22
20
Hagley Museum, RCA
collection, folder in box
10/22
21
“A New Exploit in
Marketing”, Radio Age, Radio
Corporation of America, New York, NY,
January 1948, p. 28
22
Advertising
Department Contact Report, Nov 1, 1940, RCA Personal Radio meeting minutes, Meeting
date: October 31, 1940, Hagley Museum,
RCA collection folder in box 10/22
23
RCA Victor Personal Radio Model BP-10
advertisement, 1940, Hagley
Museum,
24
“New RCA Personal
Radio Achieves National Sales” RCA News Release, Nov. 1940
25
“BP-10”, Hagley Museum, RCA collection box 7/5
26
TM11-235, War
Department Technical Manual, Radio Sets SCR-536, A, B, C, D, and F, War
Department, May 1945, 18
